The Know

The Book of Mormon introduces Sariah, Lehi’s wife and Nephi’s mother, in 1 Nephi 2. Sariah is mentioned by name four times (1 Nephi 2:5; 5:1, 6; 8:14). As one of the few named women in the Book of Mormon, Sariah’s character and role in the narrative has garnered considerable attention by readers.1 Beautifully, the name Sariah means “Yahweh is prince” and would've been pronounced either sar-yah or sar-yahu in ancient Hebrew.

Significantly, Book of Mormon scholars have discovered that “Sariah” is an authentic ancient Semitic feminine name. In the early 1990s, Dr. Jeffrey R. Chadwick demonstrated that the name “Sariah” also appears in ancient Aramaic (a Semitic language related to Hebrew) papyri discovered in Egypt.2

“The Hebrew name Sariah, spelled sryh, has been identified in a reconstructed form as the name of a Jewish woman living at Elephantine in Upper Egypt during the fifth century B.C,” Chadwick noted.

Although “the language of the document is Aramaic,” a language closely related to Hebrew, the translators of the papyri “specify that the names are Hebrew.”3 This should not come as a surprise, as Jews from Israel migrated into Egypt before and after the time of Lehi, bringing with them their particular cultural habits (including names and religious traditions) to that part of the world.

For added measure, on the basis of “Iron Age [circa 1300–700 BC] seals and clay bullae” Chadwick argues that “rather than [the spelling of the male name Seraiah], the Book of Mormon Sariah spelling would more correctly represent the name of our lady of Elephantine.”4

What is all the more significant is that “previous to its discovery as a woman’s name at Elephantine, Sariah was known from the Bible as a male name, transliterated Seraiah in English, though spelled the same in Hebrew...the name seems to have been common in the time of Jeremiah, a contemporary of Lehi and his wife Sariah (see Jeremiah 36:26; 40:8; 51:59, 61; 52:24), and is attested on seals and bullae of that time period.”5

While the name (or an English variant thereof) was only attested in the Bible as a masculine name, the discovery of the Elephantine papyri firmly demonstrates that “Sariah” is an authentic Hebrew feminine name. 

The Why 

The Book of Mormon has been vindicated in two major ways with this evidence. First, it has been vindicated in its use of Sariah as a personal Semitic name shortly before and after the Jewish exile of the 6^th century BC. Second, and more importantly, the Book of Mormon has been vindicated in presenting Sariah as a feminine personal name. “That we can now identify . . . the Jewish/Hebrew name Sariah in the Elephantine Papyri,” Chadwick concludes, “represents [a] significant step forward in corroborating the authenticity of [a] heretofore unique Book of Mormon name.”6 That this evidence was only available long after Joseph Smith published the Book of Mormon makes this corroboration all the more convincing. 

• 1. See for example Camille Fronk. “Desert Epiphany: Sariah and the Women in 1 Nephi,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 9, no. 2 (2000): 4–15, 80; Grant Hardy, Understanding the Book of Mormon: A Reader’s Guide (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2010), 21–23.
• 2. Jeffrey R. Chadwick, “Notes and Communications: Sariah in the Elephantine Papyri,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 2/2 (1993): 196–200; “The Names Lehi and Sariah—Language and Meaning,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 9/1 (2000): 32–34, 77; John A. Tvedtnes, John Gee, and Matthew Roper, “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 9/1 (2000): 40–51, 78–79, esp. 43. See also Jeffrey R. Chadwick, “Lehi in the Samaria Papyri and on an Ostracon from the Shore of the Red Sea,” Journal of the Book of Mormon and Other Restoration Scripture 19/1 (2010): 14–21.
• 3. Chadwick, “The Names Lehi and Sariah—Language and Meaning,” 34.
• 4. Chadwick, “Sariah in the Elephantine Papyri” 198.
• 5. Tvedtnes, Gee, and Roper, “Book of Mormon Names Attested in Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions,” 43.
• 6. Chadwick, “Lehi in the Samaria Papyri and on an Ostracon from the Shore of the Red Sea,” 20, original in plural.